Complex Question Fallacyâ€Definition and Examples

A complex question is a  fallacy in which the answer to a given question presupposes a prior answer to a prior question. Also known as (or closely related to) a  loaded question, a trick question, a leading question, the fallacy of the false question, and the fallacy of many questions. Have you stopped beating your wife? is the classic example of the complex question. Ralph Keyes has traced this example back to a 1914 book of legal humor. Since then, he says, it has . . . become the standard allusion to any question that cant be answered without self-incrimination (I Love It When You Talk Retro, 2009). Examples and Observations Lets talk about Glaucon.  Where did you get the poison  you used on him?I never!His whole family died—wife, children, mother, the lot. Surely you feel badly about that?Didymus passed his hand over his eyes. I didnt poison anyone.†(Bruce Macbain,  The Bull Slayer: A Plinius Secundus Mystery. Poisoned Pen Press, 2013)  He was woken two hours later and presently a doctor examined him.What drugs were you on? he asked.Wilt stared at him blankly. Ive never taken any drugs in my life, he muttered.(Tom Sharpe,  Wilt in Nowhere. Hutchinson, 2004)   The Unjustified Presumption Plurium interrogationum, which translates as of many questions, is otherwise known as the fallacy of the complex question. When several questions are combined into one, in such a way that a yes-or-no answer is required, the person they are asked of has no chance to give separate replies to each, and the fallacy of the complex question is committed... Did the pollution you caused increase or decrease your profits?Did your misleading claims result in you getting promoted?Is your stupidity inborn? All of them contain an assumption that the concealed question has already been answered affirmatively. It is this unjustified presumption which constitutes the fallacy... The complex question has to be broken into simpler ones; and often the denial of the fact presumed invalidates the larger question altogether.(Madsen Pirie,  How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic, 2nd ed. Bloomsbury, 2015)   Trick Questions The fallacy of complex question is the interrogative form of the fallacy of begging the question. Like the latter, it begs the question by assuming the conclusion at issue:Before rushing to answer a complex question, it is best to question the question: a) Have you stopped beating your wife?b) Did John ever give up his bad habits?c) Are you still a heavy drinker? In each of these questions there lies an assumed answer to a previous question. Did John have bad habits? is the unasked question whose answer is assumed in question b. We need to withhold any answer to question b until this prior question has been resolved. In some instances of this fallacy, considerable struggle may be necessary in order to liberate ourselves from the misleading influence of a complex question. The serious consequences of complex questions can be appreciated by considering these trick questions, which would be out of order in a court of law: d) What did you use to wipe your fingerprints from the gun?e) How long had you contemplated this robbery before you carried it out? (S. Morris Engel, With Good Reason: An Introduction to Informal Fallacies, 3rd ed. St. Martins, 1986) An Implicit Argument Although not an argument as such, a complex question involves an implicit argument. This argument is usually intended to trap the respondent into acknowledging something that he or she might otherwise not want to acknowledge. Examples:Obviously, each of the questions is really two questions.(Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) Have you stopped cheating on exams?Where did you hide the marijuana you were smoking?

Analysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm - 701 Words

â€Å"Boxer, who had now had time to think things over, voiced the general feeling by saying â€Å"If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right†Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 56). Boxer, a horse, was unsure of how he felt with Napoleon and the rest of the pigs having all of the power, was not informed enough to know or argue that he did not like this new way of governing, so he just settled with what he was told. George Orwell’s Animal Farm is about Manor Farm that is seized by its maltreated animals that set up their own government in the now renamed â€Å"Animal Farm†. There are many animals on this farm, including Benjamin, a donkey who is quite old, Clover, a horse who is not very bright, and the two main leaders, pigs named Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon and Snowball†¦show more content†¦Benjamin’s indifferent attitude towards almost all of the political debates is what brings about their oppression because he does not care enough to warn the other anim als that political promises are not likely held. He does not use the knowledge that he has acquired over the years to let the other animals know that they are making an unintelligent decision. When Clover â€Å"thought she remembered a definite ruling against bed†, she went to the barn to find the seven commandments but was unable to read to it, so that she got someone else to read â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets† and thought that she â€Å"had not remembered that the fourth commandment mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so† (Orwell 66-67). The animals forgetfulness of the exact wording of the commandments is what leads to tyranny over the farm. The animals lack of common sense causes them to not realize that the pigs are changing the rules to match their prerogative fuels their unwarranted reliance on the barn wall so that they follow the rules no matter what happens. Whether it be from education being withhel d from them, lack of common sense, or failure to use prior knowledge is what eventually leads to their subjugation. The animals’ ignorance on Animal Farm leads to their social and politicalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm921 Words   |  4 Pagesover topics such as life or government. When George Orwell wrote his book Animal Farm, it sparked lots of controversy over government. The book was written as a satire to mock the communist regime that was installed after the Russian Revolution. The book does not directly say it is about the revolution but is almost the same tale. George Orwell used subtle ways such as symbolism and anthropomorphism to represent history in a different way. In Animal Farm, just about every aspect could be used to representRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm1079 Words   |  5 PagesEvery Animal for Himself â€Å"By striving to do the impossible, man has always achieved what is possible. Those who have cautiously done no more than they believed possible have never taken a single step forward.† -Mikhail Bakunin. This quote sums up what the author of the book Animal Farm was trying to convey.   Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution. Each character in the book portrays someone who played a part in the revolution. In the book, the author, George Orwell, proves that changeRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm1711 Words   |  7 Pages1A. Mr. Jones is a significant character because his actions and bad deeds provoked the animal rebellion, similarly to how Tsar Nicholas II ignorance led his abdication, ending the Romanov rule and replacing it with the new Bolshevik government (Krieger 185). Moreover, in the story, the animals replaced what used to be â€Å"Manor Farm† to â€Å"Animal Farm†, and Orwell does this to resemble the transformation of Russia’s government. There are other events in the story that parallel the true events that resembleRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm756 Words   |  4 Pages No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth. These are the words of George Orwell explaining the imprisonment of communism in his allegory Animal Farm. He tells the story of differences between presentation and actuality in his book. Orwell shows the importance of how people will not rebel if there is an illusion of freedom. In the book, the pigs, who were the leaders of the farm, gives an illusion of freedom by gradually changingRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm1142 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it,† said Spanish philosopher George Santayana. This brilliant message shows to be present in George Orwell’s satirical novel Animal Farm. In this book, Orwell uses farm animals to illustrate the true nature of the communist Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. There are many examples in this book and in real life that show the truth of aforementioned Santayana’s statement, for if one does not remember the past, they are only allowing it toRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm748 Words   |  3 PagesFight me! Animals have grown to understand humans and be like humans, until they learn to fight back, and keep the idea that they’re free, and then slowly morph back into the ways it used to be when humans were in charge. Analogies about animal farm can range from, the students connecting the book to the bible, government today, passed wars, or even more, because this book was different for everyone. Animal farm is a very simple book at first, but once a person starts to talk about it, itRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm923 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Character Analysis Essay â€Å"Old major†¦ was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hour’s sleep in order to hear what he had to say† (Orwell 1). The author, George Orwell, portrayed Old Major as the wisest of all the animals on the farm, and without being said, Major was a big part of Animal Farm. In fact, he influenced the lives of all the animals with just one speech. On the day of this speech, Major taught all the animals his wise ideas in a kind supportingRead MoreHow Is Marxism Portrayed in Animal Farm by George Orwell? Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesHow is Marxism portrayed throughout ‘Animal Farm’ by George Orwell? The main aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society, and ‘Animal Farm’ is generally considered to be a Marxist novel, as all its characters share a similar ambition at the beginning. ‘Animal Farm’ represents an example of the oppressed masses rising up to form their own classless society, whilst offering a subtle critique on Stalin’s Soviet Russia, and communism in general. Orwell is, ironically, revolutionary in hisRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell And Animal Farm Essay2095 Words   |  9 PagesSharon Pittman HUM 314 13 December 2016 George Orwell and Animal Farm: The Provocative Written Word in Political Protest INTRODUCTION AND THESIS Many writers, artists, novelists, journalists, and the sort seek to bring awareness to political and cultural issues through their work. It is not often, though, that their work attains such critically acclaimed status and subsequently creates a platform by which people are moved to respond to the writing’s purpose. George Orwell, however, had a knack for thisRead MoreHow Has George Orwell Used Animal Farm to Present His View of Human Nature?789 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm is a satirical allegory through which he presents his cynical view of human nature. He uses the animal fable effectively to expose the issues of injustice, exploitation and inequality in human society. Orwell uses the allegory, Animal Farm, to present the story of The Russian Revolution and essentially express his opinions on the matter. By plainly exposing the unjust and corrupt system that is communism, Orwell is ultimately presenting his pessimistic view of human

Reasons for Returning to School Free Essays

Reasons for Returning to School Dolores Hutt ENG 121 Instructor Vanessa Martin January 15, 2012 Reasons for Returning to School After careful thought and consideration, I made the desire to return to school into a realistic goal. I had finally come to the conclusion, that it was time to take control of my circumstances, rather than continue to let my circumstances control me. For the first time in twenty years, I have a window of opportunity to fit a degree program into my daily schedule. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons for Returning to School or any similar topic only for you Order Now Returning to school had always been a desire of mine, but in the past, I did not think I had the time or the money to pursue a degree. I was a single mother, I was working all of the time, my children were very young, and half of my wages went to daycare expenses. Seven years ago I made a decision to pursue a career in Massage Therapy. When the opportunity presented itself to enroll in an accelerated Diploma and State licensing program for Massage Therapy, that was only going to take one year, I jumped on it. Looking back, I realized how fast a year can go by and how easy it was for me to turn a desire into a concrete accomplishment. Having a career in Massage Therapy for the past six years has been a rewarding experience; it has given me that sense of contribution to society and to my community. I have taken much pride in accomplishing my career goals so far, however, through my experiences with working for corporations, businesses, and having my own business, I realize that I am still missing that important element: a business degree. Having gone through that year in school to get my career going, the experience gave me the confidence to overcome the thinking, that I did not have the time or money to pursue a degree, I now believe that the benefits of a degree will far outweigh any outcome of not having it. The benefits of having a business degree to enhance my career are; that a degree will add credibility to my desire to take my career to the next level, and it will open more doors and options concerning high level job positions. I can talk about experience all I want, but at the end of the day, when it comes to running a business, or getting an executive to listen o my ideas, that will help the industry flow more efficiently, I believe that having a degree will help me to be taken more serious. It will also help me take a break from the labor to pursue the creative and business end of things. I am hoping that this degree program will help me to develop the skills I need to keep a successful business running, an d give me the credibility I seek. My first step after obtaining my business degree will be to get a management position in a corporate setting, so I can get the experience I need to have my own company and employees. I believe that a Degree in Organizational Management will help me to accomplish that goal. Experience, though valuable and relevant, is no substitute for a short cut. I have realized that regardless of experience, if I want to be taken serious, having a degree will open doors and add more opportunity and credibility to any experience. So pursuing a degree at this point in my life has become a priority. Returning to school had always been a desire of mine, but in the past, I did not think I had the time or the money to pursue a degree. Any obstacles I had in the past are no longer there. I have an excellent support system at home, a loving and supportive fiancee of six years, a two income household, my career allows me to work part time and make the same amount of money as I did working full time in the past, so I get to spend more time at home, and my children are much older now so daycare expenses are a thing of the past. This online university program offers so much flexibility and affordability, that I really have no excuse to not execute this with full force. For me, the timing is perfect; the time it will take to complete this degree program is short when I compare it to time wasted by not having a degree. I have done this before and I know I can do it again. I keep my goals and plans right in front of me. I know that with perseverance, planning ahead, and just staying positive, that pursuing my degree will be another accomplishment that I can be proud of, and then I can keep moving forward in my life with confidence and ease. I am no longer at the mercy of my circumstances, I have taken control back, and returning to school is exactly where I need to be right now. How to cite Reasons for Returning to School, Papers

Use Of Data Visualization Data Mash Up And Mobile Intelligence

Question: Discuss about the Use Of Data Visualization Data Mash Up And Mobile Intelligence. Answer: Introduction Information representation is an expansive term alluding both to the visual portrayal of information and to the investigation of the introduction of information outwardly. An information mash up is a procedure that unites an assortment of information from different sources and consolidating them in a way that clears up or improves examination and business insight (Aparicio Costa, 2015). In business, information mash ups normally join inside information and information recovered from at least one outside sources. Data visualization, mash up and mobile intelligence for performance management Data Visualization is considered as a vital component for every kind of Business intelligence and data analytics applications, regardless they are deployed or used by Business organizations individuals, government departments, or any kind of enterprise level (Aparicio Costa, 2015). In every scenario the end users requirements are diverse and change with time; some of the userAsk for simple interfaces that emphasizes?on the actionable business information, while different other users require moreanalytics capabilities to operate on the available set of data, including the operation like the slice-and-dice, drill-down, and roll-up features of onlineanalytical processing of the dataset. Business, data analysts and a every increasing section of nontechnical users in any organization Demanding to go beyond the traditional usage of business data such as for reporting and evaluating the predefined performance metrics? by looking and examining the huge amount of business data and findconnections, patterns, and answers to their "why" questions for their business performance (Klmek, Helmich Necask, 2014). At the point when practices forscientific thinking, test-and-learn request, and propelled calculation are intertwined with informationrepresentation, the final outcome is visual data analytics. This Visual analytics helps the business analysts or the users to interact with the business data and engage them in specific analytical processesusing the visual representations which are supported by powerful graphics engines. This is usually done with the integrated storage of data that helps in frequent updates of several visualizations dependingon users interaction with the data set. Visual functionality for comparing, filtering, and correlating different business data can then integrated with the function of the end users analytical application? for modeling, forecasting, statisticaland predictive analytics using this data. Effect due to the lack of information flow One of the most important factors that effect on the execution of different business operations is poor or insufficient flow of information. This Poor information flow to the different level of employees who are responsible for efficiency levels and optimization of the processes is considered as the Achilles heel for many business organizations (Aparicio Costa, 2015). It is observed that often the flow of data to them is delayed in operation execution for which they have to redundantly lookfor the right business information from different applications and interfaces as the source of data (Klmek, Helmich Necask, 2014). In this scenario the dashboards can consolidate the requirement ofinformation which is important for easy-to-use reporting about the business processes and analysis. This contributes to operational efficiency executed by the employees or the users at the business organizations. In business the data mash up joins comparable sorts of data and media from numerous sources into a single representation to any user or client. One of the examples of this data mash up is the Havaria Information Services' AlertMap, which joins information from more than 200 sources identified with extreme climate conditions, biohazard dangers, and seismic data. In case of business Client information or the analysis of this data is important all alone for any given organization; however when it is consolidated with other inner data and outside sources in an data mash up, the business advantages of examination applications can soar to its highest heights. With all this advantages there are potential drawbacks to giving users the capacity to mix diverse informational collections themselves with self-service tools or application (Klmek, Helmich Necask, 2014). For instance, they may pull in suspected information source or attempt to make a data mash up from contrary or irrelevant sources which can be harmful for the business organizations and its performance. That is the reason a few organizations are adhering to thin, centered project that have a superior possibility of progress than more open-finished investigation initiatives do. Business Mash ups helps in focusing information/data into a single presentation for user and takes into consideration communitarian activity among business organizations and developers. This functions very for any agile project, which requires joint effort or collaboration between the responsible developers and client intermediary for characterizing furthermore, executing the business prerequisites (Aparicio Costa, 2015). Business mashes ups contrast from consumer mash ups in the level of reconciliation with business processing conditions, security and get to control components, administration of the services, and the sophistication of the devices (mash up editors) utilized. Another distinction between business mash ups and consumer mash ups is a developing pattern of utilizing business mash ups in business programming as administration advertising. Issues in the use mash up and data visualization Client Identity and Security: The most valuable endeavor mash ups will have admittance to users individual information and other corporate data ensured by security and personality frameworks (Aparicio Costa, 2015). The identity administration is critical to the administration of mash ups, empowering business administration to keep control over sensitive business data. Administration or governance of services and Version Management: Administration issues, including form administration, nature of benefit, security, reinforcement, catastrophe recuperation, and client protection are basic contemplations for any undertaking hoping to receive mash ups as an approach to support efficiency (Klmek, Helmich Necask, 2014). Since mash ups can be quickly recombined on the go by the users, it is critical that a mash up platform thoroughly keep up rendition control, with the goal that clients have the most updated version available for their use, and new variants can rapidly be tried and settled for them. Conclusion The data visualization advancements make data administration efficiencies for the business organization. Presently the users can do things themselves that required a group of IT experts furthermore, months of exertion. Making network connectivity and data mash up open to the tech savvy individuals of the organization expands profitability of the organization . With data visualization tools, specialists can better get ready furthermore, react to unexpected occasions and make more powerful choices in unpredictable, dynamic circumstances faced by the organization. References Aparicio, M., Costa, C. J. (2015). Data visualization.Communication design quarterly review,3(1), 7-11. Hoang, H. H., Cung, T. N. P., Truong, D. K., Hwang, D., Jung, J. J. (2014). Retracted: Semantic Information Integration with Linked Data Mashups Approaches.International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,10(4), 813875. Kleinfeld, R., Steglich, S., Radziwonowicz, L., Doukas, C. (2014, October). glue. things: a Mashup Platform for wiring the Internet of Things with the Internet of Services. InProceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Web of Things(pp. 16-21). ACM. Klmek, J., Helmich, J., Necask, M. (2014, April). Application of the Linked Data Visualization Model on Real World Data from the Czech LOD Cloud. InLDOW. Reda, K., Febretti, A., Knoll, A., Aurisano, J., Leigh, J., Johnson, A., ... Hereld, M. (2013). Visualizing large, heterogeneous data in hybrid-reality environments.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,33(4), 38-48.